HIF-1α promotes virus replication and cytokine storm in H1N1 virus-induced severe pneumonia through cellular metabolic reprogramming

Xiaoxiao Meng; Yong Zhu; Wenyu Yang; Jiaxiang Zhang; Wei Jin; Rui Tian; Zhengfeng Yang; Ruilan Wang

doi:10.1016/j.virs.2023.11.010

February 2024

Citation: Xiaoxiao Meng, Yong Zhu, Wenyu Yang, Jiaxiang Zhang, Wei Jin, Rui Tian, Zhengfeng Yang, Ruilan Wang. HIF-1α promotes virus replication and cytokine storm in H1N1 virus-induced severe pneumonia through cellular metabolic reprogramming .VIROLOGICA SINICA, 2024, 39(1) : 81-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virs.2023.11.010

HIF-1α promotes virus replication and cytokine storm in H1N1 virus-induced severe pneumonia through cellular metabolic reprogramming

Xiaoxiao Meng ^a ,
Yong Zhu ^a ,
Wenyu Yang ^a ,
Jiaxiang Zhang ^a ,
Wei Jin ^a ,
Rui Tian ^a ,
Zhengfeng Yang ^{b
,,} ,
Ruilan Wang ^{a
,,}

a. Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China;
b. Precision Research Center for Refractory Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201620, China

Corresponding author: Zhengfeng Yang, zhengfeng.yang@shgn.cn
Ruilan Wang, wangyusun@hotmail.com
Received Date: 02 February 2023
Accepted Date: 21 November 2023
Available online: 30 November 2023

Abstract

The mortality of patients with severe pneumonia caused by H1N1 infection is closely related to viral replication and cytokine storm. However, the specific mechanisms triggering virus replication and cytokine storm are still not fully elucidated. Here, we identified hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) as one of the major host molecules that facilitates H1N1 virus replication followed by cytokine storm in alveolar epithelial cells. Specifically, HIF-1α protein expression is upregulated after H1N1 infection. Deficiency of HIF-1α attenuates pulmonary injury, viral replication and cytokine storm in vivo. In addition, viral replication and cytokine storm were inhibited after HIF-1α knockdown in vitro. Mechanistically, the invasion of H1N1 virus into alveolar epithelial cells leads to a shift in glucose metabolism to glycolysis, with rapid production of ATP and lactate. Inhibition of glycolysis significantly suppresses viral replication and inflammatory responses. Further analysis revealed that H1N1-induced HIF-1α can promote the expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2), the key enzyme of glycolysis, and then not only provide energy for the rapid replication of H1N1 virus but also produce lactate, which reduces the accumulation of the MAVS/RIG-I complex and inhibits IFN-α/β production. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the upregulation of HIF-1α by H1N1 infection augments viral replication and cytokine storm by cellular metabolic reprogramming toward glycolysis mainly through upregulation of HK2, providing a theoretical basis for finding potential targets for the treatment of severe pneumonia caused by H1N1 infection.
- H1N1
- , Severe pneumonia
- , Virus replication
- , Hypoxia inducible factor-1α
- , Glycolysis

Electronic Supplementary Material

10.1016j.virs.2023.11.010-ESM.docx
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